Works from Hyeong-wook Boo, Ellen Nakashima, and Paul Sonne enable explanation of how cyber operations allow rogue states to apply pressure on adversaries without necessarily advancing conventional conflict. Moving on from revisionist states, this article gives examples of strategic interaction in the cyber domain by rogue states such as North Korea by describing the asymmetric advantage that nation enjoys as the weaker actor in a struggle with South Korea and the United States. It demonstrates how cyber allows these actors to “play a weak hand well” in support of their respective theories of hybrid warfare and unrestricted warfare.
It focuses on works by Keir Giles, Austin Carson and Keren Yarhi-Milo, and Ryan Maness and Margarita Jaitner toward the use of cyber operations by revisionist state actors such as the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. This article discusses the effects of cyber operations on the strategic interaction of actors in the cyber domain, gives examples of the use of cyber in Great Power competition, and explains how cyber operations offer an asymmetric advantage to weaker actors. The outcomes of the new competitive space of cyber have been theorized for decades now, but what makes prediction difficult is the pace of innovation and the change in available technology. Strong actors continue to integrate the effects achieved in the cyber domain into their doctrinal foreign policy, whether militarily or otherwise, to maximize layered effects. 2 Cyber also allows weak actors to impose costs against strong actors without incurring significant risk. John Arquilla describes this new environment as an “information revolution” that “implies the rise of cyber war, in which neither mass nor mobility will decide outcomes.” 1 Continuing in the spirit of Ivan Arreguín-Toft’s strategic interaction theory, cyber operations allow significant latitude for strong actors to compete indirectly, short of physical conflict in the traditional sense. This new element of national power allows weaker actors to “punch above their weight” in competition or conflict with Great Powers in a unipolar or multipolar world. The difference from traditional power dynamics offered by the cyber domain, however, is the asymmetrical advantage of technology for would-be actors. At this point, he's worked through The Next Generation, Voyager, Deep Space 9, and is currently catching up on the original series.Current cyber conflict looks very similar to traditional conflict models. While creating the sprites for Cyber Shadow over the course of several years, Huzniker would put Star Trek on in the background. I think I mostly struggle with sprites that need voids filled with 'something.' Objects with purpose are easier." Add suspension and wheels and then some control interface. You start with the engine, build a frame with a seat and a gas tank. Maybe that’s why I’m so fond of it? I think it’s because a bike has many parts that have clearly defined functions. "A surprise, to be sure, but a welcome one. "Both the bike and the robot sprites came out effortlessly and had no revisions," he added. When transforming to robot suit mode, similar aspects are considered."īuilding a sprite like this, according to Huzniker, can take anywhere from 30 minutes to several days, with the bulk of the time sink dedicated to the animations connecting them. The proportions of the bike, size and placement of the tyres and seating position were all equally important.
"I was thinking of all the cool red bikes I know, like the Akira one, Vinnie’s bike from Biker Mice from Mars and the Motoslave from Bubblegum Crisis.
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